2019-2020 CSN Catalog 
    
    May 31, 2024  
2019-2020 CSN Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


The following course descriptions are intended to briefly describe the nature of each of the courses. For more complete information, departments or faculty can provide specific course syllabuses.

In addition to these hours, students are expected to complete homework assignments on their own time. These assignments may include library research, computer utilization, field trips, cultural performances, and other instructional activities.

 

Food and Beverage

  
  • FAB 160 - Hospitality Purchasing

    Credits: 3
    Students learn the fundamental principles of purchasing food, beverages, supplies, equipment, and contract services.
    Prerequisite(s): MATH 104B  or above (except MATH 122 , MATH 123 ).
  
  • FAB 167 - Food Service Nutrition

    Credits: 2
    Designed to teach the fundamentals of nutrition and the basics of nutritionally balanced recipe and menu planning.
  
  • FAB 190B - Bartending

    Credits: 3
    A basic class devoted to developing the skills necessary to function as a bartender in a Hospitality operation. This is a hands-on course covering mixology of liquors and the handling of all types of alcoholic beverages. Must be 21 or older
  
  • FAB 210 - Fundamentals of Food and Beverage Control

    Credits: 3
    Cost control in the food service operation through sound procedures, controlled food production, inventories, storeroom issues, standardized recipes, effective labor practices and maintenance of records.
    Prerequisite(s): FAB 160 ; and MATH 104B  or above.
  
  • FAB 230 - Menu Planning

    Credits: 3
    The basics of planning menus for a variety of food service establishments. Students will learn marketing and merchandising menus, menu development and costing, basic menu printing software and develop their own individual menus.
    Prerequisite(s): FAB 112  with a grade of C or better.
  
  • FAB 271 - Wine Appreciation

    Credits: 3
    A comprehensive course on the wines of the world. The art of wine making, geographical identification of wine regions, ordering and serving of fine wines, history of wines and the proper matching of wines with foods. Each class meeting will include the tasting of several wines. Minimum age for enrollment is 21.
  
  • FAB 272 - Liquor and Bar Management

    Credits: 3
    A survey of the service and control of wines, liquors and beers, including discussion of taxes and local, state and national laws relating to the liquor industry. Student must be 21 or older.
  
  • FAB 285 - Catering Management

    Credits: 3
    Course teaches students how to market, sell, organize, plan, and execute catered affairs. Includes various types of meeting room setups used to meet customer requirements.
    Prerequisite(s): FAB 112  or TCA 188  with a C- or better.
  
  • FAB 295 - Work Experience in Food Service

    Credits: 1
    In addition to academic requirements, the accreditation commissions for the Department of Hospitality Management require students to work for at least 200 hours in a verified program/degree related position prior to graduation.  This work experience will be measured qualitatively as well as quantitatively as determined by the program director and faculty.  
    May Be Repeated: Up to a maximum of four credits.

    Prerequisite(s): FAB 102   and FAB 112   and FAB 160   all with a grade of C- or higher.

French

  
  • FREN 101B - Conversational French I

    Credits: 3
    A course emphasizing spoken communications. Speaking skills, oral listening skills, reading and writing skills explored. A vocabulary of French-English words developed.
  
  • FREN 102B - Conversational French II

    Credits: 3
    A course emphasizing a continuation of skills acquired in FREN 101B . Increased fluency and further vocabulary development stressed.
  
  • FREN 103 - First Year Business French I

    Credits: 4
    A course that deals intensively with French business practices and French business language intended for students who encounter French-speaking clients in various professional situations.
  
  • FREN 104 - First Year Business French II

    Credits: 4
    An applied language course for learners who want to communicate with ease with French-speaking clients and further their knowledge of commercial and managerial French.
    Prerequisite(s): FREN 103 .
  
  • FREN 107 - French for Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism I

    Credits: 3
    Students with no prior knowledge of French who work in hotels, restaurants or in tourist settings learn to communicate effectively with their French-speaking clientele.
  
  • FREN 111 - First Year French I

    Credits: 4
    The development of language skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing. Emphasis is placed on communication in all four language acquisition skills.
  
  • FREN 112 - First Year French II

    Credits: 4
    The further development of language skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing. Emphasis is placed on more sophisticated communication in all four language acquisition skills.
    Prerequisite(s): FREN 111  or equivalent.
  
  • FREN 203 - Second Year Business French I

    Credits: 4
    An applied intermediate language course for learners who want to further perfect their ability in business French and their knowledge of French business practices.
  
  • FREN 204 - Second Year Business French II

    Credits: 4
    An applied intermediate language course for learners who want to perfect their language abilities and knowledge of business French and French business practices.
    Prerequisite(s): FREN 203 .
  
  • FREN 207 - French for Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism II

    Credits: 2
    Students with previous knowledge of French in the area of hotel, restaurant and tourism increase their communication skills in their respective employment fields.
    Prerequisite(s): FREN 107 .
  
  • FREN 211 - Second Year French I

    Credits: 3
    Continuation of French language skills and intensive reviews of grammatical structures, listening, speaking, reading and writing skills through an introduction to French literary readings.
    Prerequisite(s): FREN 112  or equivalent.
  
  • FREN 212 - Second Year French II

    Credits: 3
    Further amelioration and perfection of grammatical, listening, speaking, reading and writing skills through selected French literary readings.
    Prerequisite(s): FREN 211  or equivalent

Geographic Information Systems

  
  • GIS 109 - Introduction to Geographic Information Systems

    Credits: 3
    This class serves as an introduction into Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This course covers the basic concepts of a GIS. Principles of cartography and spatial analysis will also be covered. The intent of this class is to prepare the student for advanced training using specific GIS software packages.
    Prerequisite(s): IS 100B  or IS 101 .

Geography

  
  • GEOG 103 - Physical Geography

    Credits: 3
    Physical geography examines the spatial relationships between humans and the environment. A comprehensive and integrating science, physical geography allows the integration of earth systems such as weather, land formations, and earth patterns. Continuous integration of maps, atlases, internet and geographic information system technology.
  
  • GEOG 104 - Physical Geography Laboratory

    Credits: 1
    Course provides an opportunity to apply concepts in physical geography, including map interpretation, computer GIS, meteorological processes, development of landforms and an understanding of the dynamics of the earth.
    Prerequisite(s): GEOG 103 , which may be taken concurrently.
  
  • GEOG 106 - Introduction to Cultural Geography

    Credits: 3
    An analysis of the cultural regions of the world, physical settings, peoples, settlements, economic activities and historical and political factors.
  
  • GEOG 116 - Oceanography

    Credits: 3
    In this course we will explore our world’s oceans and the role of the ocean in the Earth’s system. Topics covered will include the flow and transformations of water and energy into and out of the ocean, the physical and chemical properties of seawater, ocean circulation, marine life and its adaptations, interactions between the ocean and the other components of the Earth system, and the human/societal impacts on and in response to Earth’s System interactions.
  
  • GEOG 117 - Meteorology/Climatology

    Credits: 3
    Studies the composition, structure, and dynamics of the Earth’s atmosphere that influences global weather patterns. Meteorology defines weather concepts that provide the basis for forecasting, weather analysis and understanding atmospheric phenomena such as hurricanes, tornadoes and extreme weather. Discussion on human impact of the atmosphere, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect and air pollution.
  
  • GEOG 299 - Selected Topics in Physical Geography

    Credits: 1-6
    Covers selected topics of interest to students in physical geography.
    Prerequisite(s): GEOG 101 or Instructor approval.

Geology

  
  • GEOL 100 - Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Natural Disasters

    Credits: 3
    Causes of natural disasters and their impact on people and property. Focuses on geological hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and floods.
  
  • GEOL 101 - Geology: Exploring Planet Earth

    Credits: 4
    Fundamentals of geology including mineral and rock origins through various earth processes. Laboratories include rock identification and interpretation of topographic and geologic maps. Required weekend field trips.
  
  • GEOL 102 - Earth and Life Through Time

    Credits: 4
    The history of Earth through geological time including methods used to recognize fossils and their significance. Laboratories involve paleontology methods, maps and fossil studies. Required weekend field trips.
    Prerequisite(s): GEOL 101  or equivalent.
  
  • GEOL 103 - Physical Geology Laboratory

    Credits: 1
    Designed to introduce basic techniques in identification of minerals and rocks, and in the reading and interpretation of topographic and geologic maps. Includes some field exercises.
    Prerequisite(s): Prerequisite or Corequisite: GEOL 101 .
  
  • GEOL 105 - Introduction to Geology of National Parks

    Credits: 3
    Geology of selected national parks and monuments in North America with emphasis on surface processes including the causes and effects of Pleistocene glaciation and major tectonic events that have shaped the topography of the United States and Canada.
  
  • GEOL 299 - Special Topics in Geology

    Credits: 1-5
    Covers selected topics of interest to students in the geological sciences.
    Prerequisite(s): GEOL 101  or Instructor approval.

German

  
  • GER 101B - Conversational German I

    Credits: 3
    A course emphasizing spoken communication. Speaking, listening, reading and writing skills explored. German culture also emphasized.
  
  • GER 102B - Conversational German II

    Credits: 3
    A course emphasizing a continuation of the skills acquired in GER 101B . Increased fluency and further vocabulary development stressed.
  
  • GER 107 - German for Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism I

    Credits: 3
    Students with no prior knowledge of German who work in hotels, restaurants, or tourist settings learn to communicate effectively with their German-speaking clientele.
  
  • GER 111 - First Year German I

    Credits: 4
    The development of language skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Emphasis is placed on communication in all four language acquisition skills.
  
  • GER 112 - First Year German II

    Credits: 4
    The further development of language skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Emphasis is placed on more sophisticated communication in all four language acquisition skills.
    Prerequisite(s): GER 111  or equivalent.
  
  • GER 207 - German for Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism II

    Credits: 2
    Students with previous knowledge of German in the area of hotel, restaurant and tourism increase their communication skills in their respective employment fields.
    Prerequisite(s): GER 107 .
  
  • GER 211 - Second Year German I

    Credits: 3
    Continuation of German language skills and intensive review of grammatical structures, listening, speaking, reading and writing skills through an introduction to German literary readings.
    Prerequisite(s): GER 112  or equivalent.
  
  • GER 212 - Second Year German II

    Credits: 3
    Further amelioration and perfection of grammatical structures, listening, speaking, reading and writing skills through selected German literary readings.
    Prerequisite(s): GER 211  or equivalent.
  
  • GER 232 - German Resistance to the Nazis and Hitler

    Credits: 3
    This course explores the various forms of resistance (religious, communist, union, socialist, military, and political) to National Socialism and Hitler during the Third Reich (1933-1945).

Glaziers

  
  • GLZR 111B - Glazier I

    Credits: 5
    Covers the history of the trade, mathematics, hand tools, glass fabrication, power tool safety and sealants.
  
  • GLZR 112B - Glazier II

    Credits: 3
    Covers installing glass replacements, setting blocks, mirror mounting, communication, safety, rigging and hoisting.
  
  • GLZR 121B - Glazier III

    Credits: 4
    Covers glazing codes, sealants, mathematics, shop drawings, transits and leveling.
  
  • GLZR 122B - Glazier IV

    Credits: 3
    Covers aluminum entrances, locks, hinges, shower doors, security glazing, insulated and high performance glass.
  
  • GLZR 131B - Glazier V

    Credits: 5
    Covers panic hardware, hoisting signals, mathematics, swing stage, curtain wall, high-rise, ribbon wall and pressure wall.
  
  • GLZR 132B - Glazier VI

    Credits: 5
    Covers structural glazing, skylights, spandrel systems, leveling instruments, brake metal, mathematics and history.
  
  • GLZR 141B - Glazier VII

    Credits: 5
    Covers improving communications, sketching, drawing, blueprints, estimating, storefronts, revolving doors, seamless mullions, history, foreman and superintendent training.
  
  • GLZR 142B - Glazier VIII

    Credits: 3
    Covers safe workplaces, proper techniques, skill development and proficiency of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). Welding and cutting of mild steels, in flat, horizontal, vertical and over-head positions.
  
  • GLZR 152B - Lift and Swing Stage Safety

    Credits: 1.5
    This comprehensive course covers the safety guidelines of lift and swing stage equipment. Topics covered include the use of hooks and cables to suspend the staging, and the proper use of different lift equipment – rough terrain forklift, scissor lift and boom lift. State, federal and local regulations of swing stage usage are discussed.
  
  • GLZR 153B - Master Sealant

    Credits: 1
    This comprehensive course covers sealant terminology, sealant selection, classifications of sealants, sealant properties, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different types of sealants.
  
  • GLZR 154B - Hoisting and Rigging

    Credits: 1
    This comprehensive course covers basic knot, loop and hitches, as well as safe rigging methods and hoisting procedures. Glazing applications involve a crane and various rigging hardware.
  
  • GLZR 155B - Equipment Safety

    Credits: 1.5
    This comprehensive course covers the safety guidelines and proper use of scaffolds. A review in the proper use of swing stages, fork-lifts, scissor lifts and boom lifts will be conducted. OSHA standards and pertinent industry regulations will also be covered.
  
  • GLZR 170B - OSHA 10

    Credits: 0.5
    This course provides an overview into 29 CFR 1926 as applied to the Glaziers trade. This course places emphasis on OSHA regulations and policies.
    Graded: Pass/Fail.
  
  • GLZR 200B - Math for Glaziers

    Credits: 2
    The mathematical concepts of arithmetic, algebra and Pythagorean Theorem are covered. Measuring and estimating job costs are also covered.
  
  • GLZR 211B - Drawings (Blueprints) for Glaziers

    Credits: 2
    Aspects of blueprints including terminology, symbols and specifications are discussed. Additional topics include contract documents and construction methods.
  
  • GLZR 240B - First Aid/CPR

    Credits: 0.5
    This course provides CPR training and first aid instruction as applied to the Glaziers trade.
    Graded: Pass/Fail.
  
  • GLZR 270B - OSHA 30

    Credits: 2
    This course provides an overview into 29 CFR 1926 as applied to the Glaziers trade. This course places emphasis on areas considered hazardous including personal protective equipment, fall protection, hazard awareness, ladders, and scaffolding.
    Graded: Pass/Fail.

Global Studies

  
  • GLO 101 - Introduction to Global Studies

    Credits: 3
    This course explores globalization and analyzes issues with global implications through a myriad of academic and theoretical frameworks.
  
  • GLO 222 - Terrorism and Political Violence

    Credits: 3
    This interdisciplinary course focuses on the motivation for terrorism and political violence. It addresses the question, “What makes an otherwise ordinary person deliberately attack unarmed civilians who have personally done the perpetrator no wrong and are in no position to redress the perpetrator’s grievances?”
    Same as: PSC 222 .
  
  • GLO 295 - Topical Issues In Global Studies

    Credits: 1-3
    This course explores an issue of current interest in global studies. The topic is chosen by the instructor.
    May Be Repeated: Up to 6 credits with Department Chair approval.

  
  • GLO 299 - Capstone in Global Studies

    Credits: 3
    The capstone in global studies involves students conducting an individual research project designed in cooperation with the course instructor and focused on a global issue.

Graphic Technology

  
  • GRC 101 - Introduction to Graphic Communications

    Credits: 3
    Broad-based foundation of fundamental theories, issues, concepts, terminologies and methodologies used for creative/design projects in the graphic communications and digital media industries. Entry course for students pursuing print, web, and/or multimedia careers.
  
  • GRC 103 - Introduction to Computer Graphics

    Credits: 3
    Hands-on approach to fundamental concepts, terminology, technology, and techniques for creating and editing basic bitmap and vector graphics, basic page assembly using industry-standard software and hardware.
  
  • GRC 104 - Layout and Typography

    Credits: 3
    Introduction to typography and digital page layout. Emphasis on typographical theory, terminology of traditional and digital processes, fundamentals of typographic design and layout, and design for publications and collateral.
  
  • GRC 107 - Introduction to Visual Design

    Credits: 3
    An introductory course in the application and appreciation of the basic principles and elements of design, including form, shape, value, space, color and composition.
  
  • GRC 110 - Drawing and Illustration

    Credits: 2-3
    Introductory class in developing techniques for visualizing and drawing images with an emphasis on the 2D drawing process using a variety of traditional media and techniques. Drawings are placed into digital design programs to create finished illustrations.
  
  • GRC 119 - Digital Media

    Credits: 3
    Introduction to the basic concepts of multimedia production using industry standard software. Topics include storyboarding, working with images, audio, video, motion graphics, animation, and outputting to various formats, for multiple uses, using different production processes and workflows.
  
  • GRC 140 - Print Production with InDesign

    Credits: 3
    Mastering the industry-standard page layout application InDesign to produce single and multiple-page documents for print reproduction. Emphasis on the complete print production workflow using Adobe software to prepare and manage assets and to plan, design, and assemble layouts.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 101  and GRC 103  and GRC 104 .
  
  • GRC 156 - Design with Illustrator

    Credits: 3
    Thorough exploration of a bézier-curve based application as a professional illustration and design tool. Hands-on projects using Adobe Illustrator.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 103 .
  
  • GRC 158 - Cartooning

    Credits: 3
    Cartooning characters, newspaper comics, editorials, caricatures, and mascots denoting humorous people and situations.
  
  • GRC 165B - Digital Painting

    Credits: 3
    The design and development of digital paintings for artistic expression and places of business. Working methods are examined through class demonstrations, discussions, readings, and projects using a variety of digital painting mediums and current technologies as tools.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 103 .
  
  • GRC 175 - Web Design I

    Credits: 3
    Designing and developing websites using HTML, CSS, and software production tools. Emphasis on the design, usability, and features of website development and production processes.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 103 .
  
  • GRC 179 - Multimedia Design and Production I

    Credits: 3
    Overview of Multimedia design and development. Emphasis on how to design real world interactive projects that combine text, graphics, animation, audio, video, and more. Hands-on projects using popular multimedia authoring software for publishing to CD, DVD, and the Web.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 119 .
  
  • GRC 183 - Design with Photoshop

    Credits: 3
    Thorough exploration of continuous tone images and bitmap graphics using Adobe Photoshop. Hands-on projects working with digital photographs, image correction, manipulation, compositing, scanning and illustrative design. Explores the tools and features of the industry standard application.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 103 .
  
  • GRC 185 - Computer Animation I

    Credits: 3
    Beginning 3D animation for multimedia, including modeling, lighting, rendering, and project management. Emphasis on creating content for multimedia, importing 3D files into common authoring programs and publishing to the Web.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 119 .
  
  • GRC 188 - Web Animation I

    Credits: 3
    Creating and publishing animations for the web using industry standard software. Students create multimedia content incorporating graphics, animations, audio, and video.
  
  • GRC 205 - History of Design

    Credits: 3
    An introduction to the evolution of design with emphasis on acquiring knowledge of the basic visual and conceptual skills necessary for understanding the relationship among design, its audience, contexts, and technology.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 101  and GRC 103  and GRC 104  and GRC 107 .
  
  • GRC 207 - Intermediate Design

    Credits: 3
    Basic design concepts, principles, and methodology for effective visual communications in print and multimedia. Class projects involve using the computer exclusively as the tool for preparing design materials and/or as the final medium.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 104  and GRC 107  and. GRC 119  and GRC 140  and 156 and 183.
  
  • GRC 256B - Advanced Design with Illustrator

    Credits: 3
    Advanced digital illustration techniques with emphasis on special projects and graphic solutions using Adobe Illustrator. Students learn techniques that enable and support the application of art and design theories, visual storytelling, the semiotics of visual representations, and other approaches to practice.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 156 .
  
  • GRC 275 - Web Design II

    Credits: 3
    Intermediate to advanced techniques for designing and developing websites using HTML and CSS. Continued study of design and usability to produce real world projects. Emphasis on site production process, project management, interactive CSS techniques, search engine optimization, and more.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 175 .
  
  • GRC 276 - Web Design III

    Credits: 3
    Designing and developing interactive websites using advanced HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Advanced technologies and methodologies will be covered. Emphasis on the design, usability, and features of website development and production processes.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 275  .
  
  • GRC 278 - Advanced Design and Production

    Credits: 3
    Apply visual communication solutions to business communications needs for real client project demands and deadlines, demonstrating advanced design theory, presentation, file preparation, and industry-standard design and print production workflow skills.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 140  and GRC 156  and GRC 183  and GRC 207 .
  
  • GRC 286B - Digital Video Post-Production

    Credits: 3
    Creating and publishing motion graphics using popular video post production software. Students learn to author motion graphics combining graphics, text, animation, audio, video and more. Students create and publish highly visual programs usable with digital video, common authoring programs, and the web.
    Prerequisite(s): VID 115B .
  
  • GRC 288B - Web Animation II

    Credits: 3
    Intermediate and advanced techniques for creating animations for the web using industry standard software. Students create multimedia content incorporating graphics, animations, interactivity, audio, and video.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 188 .
  
  • GRC 289B - Special Projects in Graphic Communications

    Credits: 1-3
    Students work on individual design and communications projects under the direction of a faculty advisor; projects, provided by real world businesses and organizations, relate to the student’s selected major emphasis.
    Prerequisite(s): 21 GRC course credits.
  
  • GRC 290 - Internship in Graphic Communications

    Credits: 1-8
    Supervised work experience within a selected graphic communications firm, dependent upon student’s major emphasis. Designed by company official and faculty advisor to apply knowledge to on-the-job situation. Available to students entering their last semester of instruction for degree. Contact department for applications, screening and required skills evaluation.
  
  • GRC 294 - Portfolio Prep

    Credits: 3
    Development of a customized, professional portfolio for prospective clients and employers. Students will create a résumé, corporate identity, stationery system, leave behind package, and online and offline brand presence. Emphasis on basic marketing tactics and developing, designing and producing a custom portfolio that will showcase strengths and skills.
    Prerequisite(s): GRC 101  and GRC 103  and GRC 104  and GRC 107  and GRC 119  and GRC 207 .

Greek

  
  • GRE 111 - First Year Modern Greek I

    Credits: 4
    A course emphasizing the development of language skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing. Emphasis is placed on communication in all four language skills.

Health and Human Performance

  
  • HHP 110B - Introduction to the Health Professions

    Credits: 3
    This course is designed to provide the student with a survey of the various health careers and subject matter involving the health field today.
  
  • HHP 123 - Introduction to the Human Body

    Credits: 4
    Introductory study of the structural and functional characteristics of the human body and their relationships to health and disease.
  
  • HHP 124 - Introduction to the Human Body Computer Lab

    Credits: 1
    A computer-based laboratory course designed to complement instruction in HHP 123 
  
  • HHP 150 - Living Healthy and Well

    Credits: 3
    This course is a study of healthy living principles as they apply to adult life. Emphasis is placed on the recognition of and prevention of individual decisions that affect one’s overall health.
  
  • HHP 190 - Exercise, Nutrition and Weight Control

    Credits: 3
    A basic overview of principles of fitness as they apply to exercise and good nutrition. Emphasis will be placed on the practical application of sound exercise and eating habits and the development of a personalized fitness program. This course is designed for the average person who wishes to gain the knowledge necessary for improved health.
  
  • HHP 201 - Stress Management

    Credits: 2
    An overview of stress, its manifestations, and methods of managing it. Particular emphasis will be placed on the role of exercise in controlling stress and the development of a balanced life-style.
  
  • HHP 203 - Sports Nutrition

    Credits: 3
    A course designed for the sports and fitness enthusiast that explores the link between nutrition, energy metabolism, and exercise. Optimizing exercise performance and making prudent decisions in the nutrition marketplace will be discussed.
  
  • HHP 206 - Prevention and Care of Exercise Injuries

    Credits: 3
    Overview of injury management for all fitness levels.  Emphasis is on injury prevention during exercise, safe use of exercise equipment, andcontraindicated exercise.   
  
  • HHP 213 - Healthy Aging

    Credits: 3
    A course designed to address the factors affecting the health and fitness status of an individual as that person progresses from early to late adulthood. Recognition and prevention of health and personal fitness problems will be emphasized.
 

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